|
200px The city of Évora honours Gerald with a place on its coat-of-arms. The central plaza, the Praça do Giraldo, is also named after him. 200px Geraldo Geraldes or Gerald the Fearless (died prob. 1173), known in Portuguese as Geraldo ''Sem Pavor'' ("without fear"),〔Owing to the non-standardisation of spelling in the twelfth century, his name may also be rendered Gerardo or Giraldo. The Spanish version of his patronymic is Geráldez. In medieval Latin he was described as ''Giraldus qui dicebatur sine pavore'' ("Gerald, who is called without fear").〕 was a Portuguese warrior and folk hero of the ''Reconquista'' whose theatre of operations was in the barren Alentejo and Extremadura regions of the lower Guadiana river. The city of Évora was the most lasting of his conquests and was never retaken. His success and independence have suggested parallels with the Castilian hero El Cid and Gerald has been called "the Cid of Portugal".〔Or the "Portuguese Cid", but not without some controversy. To certain Spanish scholars a mere guerilla fighter has no business consorting with El Cid (cf. (Cillán Cillán, n9 )).〕 ==''Reconquista'' in Alentejo and Extremadura== Around 1162 Gerald assembled a private army (a ''mesnada'') and rapidly developed tactics that proved remarkably successful in seizing Muslim strongholds, though it was not adapted for siege warfare.〔Clemente Ramos, 653.〕 He "perfected techniques of nocturnal surprise in wintry or stormy weather, stealthy escalading of walls by picked commando-like troops, cutting down of sentries and opening of town gates to the larger force stationed without."〔Bishko, 414–15.〕 Among the primary sources for Gerald's methods the most important is the contemporary Arabic chronicler Ibn Ṣāḥib al-Ṣalā, whose ''Al-Mann bil-Imāma'' was incorporated into the history of al-Maqqarī in the seventeenth century.〔 His opinion of Gerald and his tactics is very low:
Of the places Gerald conquered the primary sources are in general agreement, also as to the order of their seizure, but as to the dating of events there is ambiguity. Ibn Ṣāḥib's version goes:
The years 560 and 561 correspond roughly to the ''annos Domini'' 1165 and 1166, but here Ibn Ṣāḥib is almost certainly off in his dating by a year. The events rather took place in 1164 and 1165. A later Portuguese chronicle, the ''Crónica dos Godos'' ("Chronicle of the Goths"), dates the conquest of Évora to the year 1204 of the Spanish era, that is, 1166.〔Enrique Flórez, ''España Sagrada'' (Madrid: 1796), (XIV:428 ): ''Æra 1204. Civitas Elbora capta, & depraedata, & noctu ingressa a Giraldo cognominato sine pavore, & latronibus sociis ejus, & tradidit eam Regi D. Alfonso'' (In the year 1166 the city of Évora was captured and depredated, for at night it was entered by Gerald called "the Fearless", and his associates entered by the latrines, and made over (city ) to the king Don Afonso).〕 Trujillo was taken on 14 May 1164,〔Floriano Cumbreño, see note 10 in (Cillán Cillán. )〕 or in June;〔(Cillán Cillán. )〕 Évora in September 1164;〔 and Cáceres in December 1164〔 or, on a later dating, in September 1166.〔 These were the major conquests. The lesser conquests of Montánchez, Serpa, and Juromenha took place in 1165, based on Ibn Ṣāḥib's scheme,〔 but Montánchez and Serpa may have gone in March 1167, as one historian has it.〔 All the primary sources agree that Santa Cruz de la Sierra was the last of Gerald's successes, which may place it as late as 1169,〔 though perhaps earlier (1167/8), along with Ureña.〔 The conquest of these last two places left Gerald in a position to harass Beja.〔 The date of the capture of Monfragüe,〔Variously spelled Mofra, Monfra, Monfrag, and Monsfragüe.〕 which was certainly one of his conquests, cannot be established.〔Pavón Maldonado, 182.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gerald the Fearless」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|
